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← All Lessons 26–50

Minna no Nihongo - Lesson 33

Complete Grammar Lesson

Direct and plain-form commands: imperative and prohibitive forms, ~なさい, quoted reading and writing, ~という意味です, reported speech with ~と言っていました, and polite message requests with ~と伝えていただけませんか.

Lesson 33 has two big themes: first, how Japanese expresses strong commands and prohibitions; second, how to quote written words, meanings, speech, and messages. The command forms are grammatically simple but socially strong, so understanding when not to use them is just as important as forming them correctly.

Lesson 33 at a glance

1. Imperative form

Strong command: “Do it!”

2. Prohibitive form

Strong prohibition: “Don't do it!”

3. ~なさい

A softer but still authoritative command.

4. Written/quoted language

~と読みます / ~と書いてあります / ~という意味です

5. Reported speech

~と言っていました

6. Passing a message

~と伝えていただけませんか

1. Imperative form — strong commands

Imperative form = “Do it!” / “Go!” / “Come!”

The imperative form gives a direct and forceful command. It is much stronger than ~てください and normally should not be used casually with strangers, coworkers of equal status, customers, or people above you.

Important social rule: grammatically correct does not always mean socially appropriate. If you say to a customer, it sounds like “Sit down!” rather than “Please have a seat.” In ordinary polite conversation, use ~てください instead.

Group 1 verbs

Change the final dictionary-form u-row sound to the corresponding e-row sound.

ます form Dictionary form Imperative Meaning
Write!
Swim!
Drink!
Play!
Say it!
Stand up!
Take it out! / Hand it over!
Memory trick:
く → け / ぐ → げ / む → め / ぶ → べ / ぬ → ね / る → れ / う → え / つ → て / す → せ

Group 2 verbs

Dictionary stem + ろ
ます form Dictionary form Imperative Meaning
Lower it!
Get out!
Look!
Get off!
Sleep! / Go to bed!

Group 3 irregular verbs

ます form Dictionary form Imperative Meaning
Come!
Do it!

When is the imperative form actually used?

Because it is strong, its natural use is limited to specific relationships and situations.

1. A person in authority speaking downward

Go to bed early.

2. Between close friends, especially rough/casual speech

You're free tomorrow, right? Come here.

3. Emergencies

Fire! Run!

4. Training, sports, drills

At ease! / Rest!

5. Cheering

Do your best! / Keep going!

6. Signs and slogans

Stop.

Natural Japanese tip: In daily life, you will often recognize imperative forms more often than you personally need to use them. Being able to understand , , , and is very useful.

2. Prohibitive form — “Don't do it!”

Dictionary form + な

The prohibitive form is surprisingly easy to build. Use the dictionary form of the verb and add .

Dictionary form Prohibitive Meaning
Don't write!
Don't swim!
Don't drink!
Don't play!
Don't look!
Don't come!
Don't do it!
Do not confuse these:
= Please don't drink. polite
= Don't drink! strong

Natural examples

Don't drink alcohol.

Don't make noise.

Dangerous! Don't run!

The elevator is broken. Don't use it.

Do not enter.

Don't lose! / Don't give up!

3. Vます-stem + なさい — softer command

Vます → remove ます + なさい

~なさい is gentler than the bare imperative form, but it still expresses authority. It is common from parents to children, teachers to students, or in instructions from someone with responsibility.

Think of the strength roughly like this:
~てください → polite request
~なさい → firm instruction
imperative form → strong command
Verb ~なさい form Meaning
Eat.
Go to sleep.
Submit it / take it out.
Sit down.

Submit your homework.

It's already late, so go to bed.

Do not use ~なさい upward toward your boss, teacher, customer, or stranger. It still sounds like you are instructing someone below you.

4. ~と読みます — “it is read as…”

「word / kanji」+ と + 読みます

The particle marks the quoted reading. Use this when explaining how a kanji, word, sign, or written expression is pronounced.

Kono kanji wa nan to yomimasu ka.

How do you read this kanji?

“Hijōguchi” to yomimasu.

It is read “hijōguchi.”

Casual speech: is a very natural casual way to ask “How do you read this?” The textbook pattern with 何と読みますか is more explicit and formal.

5. ~と書いてあります — “it says / it is written…”

「written content」+ と + 書いてあります

Use this pattern when you quote the actual words written on a sign, notice, label, form, or document.

Asoko ni nan to kaite arimasu ka.

What does it say over there?

“Honjitsu kyūgyō” to kaite arimasu.

It says “Closed today.”

Compare:
→ explains the reading.
→ reports the written words.

6. ~という意味です — “it means…”

X は「Y」という意味です

This expression explains the meaning of a word, kanji, sign, phrase, or expression. いう literally means “say/call,” but in this pattern, ~という意味 means “the meaning called/expressed as ~.”

Kono kanji wa dō iu imi desu ka.

What does this kanji mean?

“営業中” means that the shop is open for business.

“使用禁止” means “Do not use / Use prohibited.”

Very useful question:

= What does “〇〇” mean?

This is one of the most useful sentences for a Japanese learner.

7. ~と言っていました — reporting what someone said

Person は [quoted message] と 言っていました

Use ~と言っていました when you tell someone what another person said earlier. It is especially natural when the original speaker is not currently speaking in the conversation.

Important: before the quoting particle , Japanese normally uses the plain form when reporting the content indirectly.

Question

Shachō wa nan to itte imashita ka.

What did the company president say?

Answer

He/She said there would be a meeting in the afternoon.

What did the doctor say?

The doctor said to take the medicine every day.

~と言いました vs ~と言っていました

Pattern Typical nuance
Simply reports that someone said something.
Often recalls/reports what someone had been saying or said earlier; very natural when passing along information.
In everyday conversation, ~って言っていました is a common casual version of ~と言っていました.
Example:
= Tanaka said that he/she is coming tomorrow.

8. ~と伝えていただけませんか — “Could you please tell…?”

Receiver に [message] と 伝えていただけませんか

伝える(つたえる) means “to convey / pass on / communicate.” This pattern politely asks someone to pass your message to another person.

~ていただけませんか is a very polite request pattern, so the complete expression means: “Could I ask you to please convey that…?”

Sofia-san ni, ato de denwa shite kudasai to tsutaete itadakemasen ka.

Could you please tell Sofia to call me later?

Could you please tell everyone that the meeting is tomorrow at 10 a.m.?

Could you please tell the section manager that I'm taking today off because I'm not feeling well?

Could you please tell Grandma that I'm busy in the afternoon and can't go?

Plain form before と:

↓ when quoted indirectly

Useful levels of politeness

Expression Meaning / tone
Tell him/her… (casual)
Please tell him/her…
Could you tell him/her…?
Could you please tell him/her…? (more polite)

9. How the quotation particle と works in Lesson 33

Several Lesson 33 patterns use the same particle . The easiest way to understand them is to see と as quotation marks.

Pattern What is being quoted?
The pronunciation
The written text
The meaning/explanation
Someone's statement
The message to pass on
Once you recognize と = “the quoted content is…”, these grammar points stop feeling like five unrelated patterns.

10. Common mistakes

Mistake 1: using an imperative where a request is expected
= Sit down! (strong)
= Please sit down. (normal polite request)
Mistake 2: building the prohibitive from the ます-form
Wrong:
Correct:
Use dictionary form + な.
Mistake 3: confusing なさい with the prohibitive な
= Eat.
= Don't eat.
They look similar, but their grammar and meanings are completely different.
Mistake 4: using polite です before indirect quotation と
In ordinary indirect quotation:

rather than keeping です inside the indirect quote.
Mistake 5: translating ~と言っていました only as continuous “was saying”
In conversational Japanese it very often simply reports information that someone said earlier: “He said…” / “She told me…”

11. Real-life mini conversations

Reading a sign

A: How do you read this?

B: It's read “tachiiri kinshi.”

A: What does it mean?

B: It means you must not enter here.

Passing along a coworker's message

A: What did Tanaka say?

B: Tanaka said that he/she would be a little late.

Leaving a message at the office

A: Could you please tell Yamada to call me when he/she gets back?

B: Certainly.

12. Quick cheat sheet

Grammar Core meaning Example
Imperative Strong command
Dictionary + な Strong prohibition
Vます-stem + なさい Firm instruction
~と読みます It is read as…
~と書いてあります It says / is written…
~という意味です It means…
~と言っていました Someone said…
~と伝えていただけませんか Could you please tell…?

13. Practice

A. Change to the imperative form

B. Change to the prohibitive form

C. Translate into Japanese

  1. How do you read this kanji?
  2. It says “Closed today.”
  3. What does “使用禁止” mean?
  4. Tanaka said that he will come tomorrow.
  5. Could you please tell the manager that I will be late?

Sample answers — other natural wordings are also correct.

14. Final memory rules

Very strong: directly orders someone to act.

Very strong: directly tells someone not to act.

A firm instruction, often from someone with authority.

In the second half of Lesson 33, think of と as quotation marks: reading, written text, meaning, reported speech, or a message.