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← All Lessons 26–50

Minna no Nihongo - Lesson 29

Complete Grammar Lesson

Transitive and intransitive verb pairs, resulting states with ~ています, ~てしまいます / ~てしまいました, ありました, and どこかで / どこかに, with furigana, real-life examples, common mistakes, and practice.

How to study this lesson: First learn the difference between a person doing an action and an object changing by itself. Then learn how ~ています describes the state that remains after that change. After that, study ~てしまう for complete actions and unfortunate mistakes.

Lesson 29 at a glance

1. Transitive vs intransitive

Learn pairs such as ける / く and める / まる.

2. Resulting state

まどいています means “The window is open.”

3. ~てしまう

Express finishing something completely or regretting an unwanted result.

4. ありました / どこか

Say “I found it” and distinguish “somewhere” with で and に.

0. Quick review from Lesson 28

These patterns are from Lesson 28 rather than Lesson 29, but several examples below build on them, so a quick check is useful before starting.

Review A: Vます-stem + ながら — “while doing…”

Vます → remove ます + ながら + main action

Ongaku o kikinagara, shukudai o shimasu.

I do my homework while listening to music.

Two points to watch: The same person normally performs both actions. The action after ながら is usually the main action.

Review B: Vています — repeated or habitual activity

I go jogging every morning.

I study Japanese at university.

Do not confuse this with Lesson 29: Vています can mean an activity in progress, a habit, or a resulting state. Lesson 29 focuses strongly on the resulting-state use.

Review C: ~し、~し — listing reasons or features

Plain form + し、Plain form + し…

This apartment is new, spacious, and also close to the station.

Review D: それに / それで

それに = “besides / moreover”

Adds another reason or point.

This restaurant is cheap. Besides, the food is good.

それで = “so / therefore”

Introduces a result caused by the previous information.

It was raining. So I did not go out.

1. Transitive and intransitive verbs

The basic idea

Japanese often has two related verbs for the same event:

  • Transitive verb: someone intentionally does something to an object.
  • Intransitive verb: the object changes state; the sentence focuses on what happened to it.
Transitive: Nを V

I open the door.

Focus: the person performs the action.

Intransitive: Nが V

The door opens.

Focus: the door changes state.

Think of it this way:
“Who did it?” often leads to a transitive sentence.
“What happened to the thing?” often leads to an intransitive sentence.

Important verb pairs

Transitive verb Meaning Intransitive verb Meaning
open somethingsomething opens
close somethingsomething closes
turn something onsomething turns on / is on
turn something off / erasesomething goes off / disappears
break somethingsomething breaks
break / crack somethingsomething breaks / cracks
make something dirtysomething becomes dirty
tear somethingsomething tears / is torn
drop somethingsomething falls
stop somethingsomething stops
Important: Do not try to invent a transitive/intransitive pair just from the ending. There are patterns, but they are not perfectly predictable. Learn common verbs as pairs.

Action vs change of state

Watashi ga mado o akemashita.

I opened the window.

Mado ga akimashita.

The window opened.

The first sentence tells us who did the action. The second only tells us what happened to the window.

2. N が intransitive Vて います — resulting state

N が + intransitive verb て-form + います

This pattern describes the state that exists now because a change already happened.

Very important: In this use, ~ています often does not mean “is doing.” For many change-of-state verbs, it means “is in the state produced by that change.”

The window is open.

The light is on.

The plate is broken.

The train is crowded.

This vending machine is broken.

That bag is torn.

Why いています means “is open”

Imagine the event in two steps:

  1. まどきました。 — The window opened.
  2. That result remains now.

The window is now in the open state.

Common misunderstanding:
まどいています does not normally mean “The window is currently in the process of opening.” In Lesson 29, understand it as “The window is open.”

が vs は with the state

Both can appear, but they organize the information differently.

Describing what you notice

The window is broken.

naturally presents the window/state as new information.

Talking about an already established topic

As for this vending machine, it is broken.

makes the vending machine the topic or contrasts it with something else.

Past state: Vていました

N が / は + Vていました

The door was open this morning.

Yesterday, the elevator was stopped / out of operation.

Real-life observation examples

A: It is cold, isn't it?
B: Oh, the window is open.

A: Can we use this machine?
B: No, it is broken.

3. Vてしまいます / Vてしまいました

Two major meanings

~てしまう has two especially important uses in this lesson:

  1. Completion: finish an action completely.
  2. Regret / unfortunate result: something happened that the speaker wishes had not happened.

The context tells you which meaning is intended.

A. Completion — “finish doing…”

Vて-form + しまいます / しまいました

Shukudai wa mō yatte shimaimashita.

I have already finished my homework.

I ate the whole cake / finished all of the cake.

Words such as もう (“already”) and 全部ぜんぶ (“all of it”) often make the completion meaning very clear.

B. Finishing something by a deadline

Kaeru jikan made ni, repōto o kaite shimaimasu.

I will finish writing the report by the time I go home.

I will get this work completely finished today.

Here, ~てしまいます is not negative or sad. It emphasizes getting the whole job done.

C. Regret, mistake, or unwanted result

With accidents, mistakes, loss, forgetting, or other unwanted events, ~てしまいました often adds the feeling:

“Unfortunately…” / “I ended up…” / “I accidentally…”

I lost my ticket.

Nuance: Unfortunately, I lost it.

I accidentally left my umbrella on the train.

I got the name wrong.

I accidentally deleted an important file.

Combining it with an earlier question pattern

I lost my ticket. What should I do?

This combines Lesson 29's regret expression with the earlier pattern どうしたらいいですか (“What should I do?”).

How the meaning changes with context

SentenceLikely meaning
I finished reading the whole book. Completion.
I unfortunately forgot the appointment/promise. Regret.
I will finish making the materials by noon. Completion plan.

Real-life conversation extension: ~ちゃう / ~じゃう

In casual Japanese, ~てしまう is very often shortened:

  • ~てしまう → ~ちゃう
  • ~でしまう → ~じゃう

I forgot it / I accidentally forgot it.

I ended up drinking it.

This is a useful spoken-language extension. The full ~てしまいます form is the main Lesson 29 form to master first.

4. ありました — “I found it!”

You already know あります as “there is / exists.” In the situation used in this lesson, ありました can also mean that something you were looking for has been found.

I can't find my ticket.

Oh, I found the ticket.

Ah, what a relief.

Do not assume ありました always means “found”

The meaning depends on context.

SentenceMeaning
Oh, I found the key. Discovery context.
There used to be a small shop here. Past existence.

5. どこかで / どこかに — “somewhere”

The particle matters

どこか means “somewhere,” but で and に tell us what kind of location relationship we mean.

どこかで

marks the place where an action happens.

I lost my wallet somewhere.

どこかに

marks a location of existence, placement, or destination.

I put the key somewhere.

More examples

Can we talk somewhere?

The conversation is an action, so で is natural.

My mother put the dishes away somewhere.

The dishes end up at a location, so に is natural.

Is there a telephone somewhere?

This is existence at a location, so に is used.

I heard this song somewhere yesterday.

Important particle rule: In どこかで and どこかに, keep the particle. Do not simply remove で or に. They carry necessary grammatical information about the location.

Quick decision rule

Question to ask yourselfUseExample
Where did an action happen?
Where is something / where did something get placed?

6. Connecting the grammar naturally

Situation 1: Something is broken

A: We can't use this vending machine.
B: Right. It's broken.

Situation 2: You lost something

A: What's wrong?
B: I lost my wallet somewhere.
A: Why don't you ask the station staff?

Situation 3: Finish work before leaving

A: Are you going home already?
B: Not yet. I'll finish writing this email first.

7. Common mistakes

Mistake 1: Using を with an intransitive state verb

For the state “the door is open,” ドア is the thing in the state, so use が.

Mistake 2: Confusing ける with

Mistake 3: Thinking every ~ています means “is doing”

Usually: The light is on. Not “The light is turning on.”

Mistake 4: Thinking ~てしまいました is always regret

This can simply mean “I finished all my homework.” There is no necessary regret.

Mistake 5: Dropping で / に from どこか

Use で because the losing action happened at some place.

8. Lesson 29 master cheat sheet

PatternMain meaningExample
Nを + transitive verb Someone acts on an object.
Nが + intransitive verb The thing changes state.
Nが + Vています A resulting state exists now.
Vてしまいます Finish an action completely.
Vてしまいました Finished it completely, or an unfortunate event happened.
ありました “Found it!” in a search/discovery context.
どこかで Somewhere where an action happens.
どこかに Somewhere as location/destination/placement.

9. Practice

Practice A — choose the correct verb

Choose the transitive or intransitive verb.

1. けました
2. きました
3. しました
4. えました

Practice B — describe the current state

Change the event into a resulting-state sentence.

Practice C — completion or regret?

Decide whether ~てしまいました mainly expresses completion or regret/unwanted result.

1. Completion
2. Regret / unwanted result
3. Completion
4. Regret / unwanted result

Practice D — どこかで or どこかに?

1. どこかで
2. どこかに
3. どこかで
4. どこかに

Practice E — translate into Japanese

  1. The door is open.
  2. The light is off.
  3. I accidentally lost my wallet.
  4. I will finish reading this book today.
  5. I put my key somewhere.

10. What you should be able to do after Lesson 29

  • Recognize common transitive/intransitive verb pairs.
  • Choose between Nを + transitive verb and Nが + intransitive verb.
  • Describe visible states such as “the window is open” or “the machine is broken.”
  • Use ~てしまいます to say you will finish something completely.
  • Use ~てしまいました to express both completion and regret.
  • Understand ありました as “I found it” in a search context.
  • Correctly distinguish どこかで from どこかに.

Fast memory rule

Person changes object: Nを + transitive verb

Object changes: Nが + intransitive verb

Result remains now: Nが + intransitive Vています

Finish completely: Vてしまいます

Oops / unfortunately: Vてしまいました

Somewhere: action → どこかで / location or placement → どこかに