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← All Lessons 26–50

Minna no Nihongo - Lesson 47

Complete Grammar Lesson

Reporting what you heard and what you notice: hearsay ~そうです, evidence-based judgment ~ようです, and sensory expressions such as 音がします・声がします・においがします・味がします.

Core idea of Lesson 47: Japanese changes expression depending on where information comes from. If you heard the information from another source, use ~そうです. If you personally observe clues and make a judgment, use ~ようです.

Quick review before Lesson 47

These are useful patterns that often appear together with Lesson 47 material. They are not the main new grammar of Lesson 47, but reviewing them helps the later examples make sense.

Grammar Meaning Example
Vるところです be about to do
Vているところです be in the middle of doing
Vたところです have just finished doing
Vたばかりです have just done
Plain form + はずです should / is expected to / I am sure

1. Plain form + そうです — “I heard that…”

Plain form + そうです

Use this ~そうです when you are passing on information that came from another source. The speaker is not presenting the information as a personal observation.

How the information travels: Imagine that information travels from a source to you, and then from you to another person. Your job is simply to report what you heard, read, or were told.

Ashita wa ame ga furu sō desu.

I heard that it will rain tomorrow.

Kono ryōri wa oishii sō desu.

I heard that this food is delicious.

How to form hearsay ~そうです

Type Form before そうです Example
Verb Plain form
い-adjective Plain form as-is
な-adjective ~だ + そうです
Noun ~だ + そうです
Very important: with hearsay ~そうです, な-adjectives and nouns keep .

has a different meaning: “looks healthy/energetic.”

Negative and past forms

The tense and negativity belong to the clause before そうです. The final そうです continues to mean “I heard that…”.

Meaning Japanese
I heard that he will come.
I heard that he will not come.
I heard that he came.
I heard that he did not come.
I heard that it is not expensive.
I heard that she is not well.

More natural examples

I heard a new café will open near the station next month.

I heard that Tanaka is getting married next year.

I heard that shop is inexpensive.

I heard the new department manager is very kind.

I heard the next meeting is on Friday.

2. Mentioning the source: ~によると

Source + によると、Plain form + そうです

When you want to say where the information came from, a common pattern is ~によると, meaning “according to…”.

Tenki yohō ni yoru to, ashita wa samuku naru sō desu.

According to the weather forecast, I heard it will become cold tomorrow.

According to the news, the typhoon is expected to make landfall tonight.

According to the company email, tomorrow's meeting has been cancelled.

Natural usage: You do not always have to name the source. If both speakers already know the context, just using ~そうです is enough.

3. Two completely different ~そうです patterns

Japanese has two common patterns that both end in そうです, but their formation and meaning are different.

Hearsay そうです Appearance そうです
Meaning I heard that… It looks/seems like…
Information source Another person, news, forecast, report, etc. Your own immediate observation
Verb formation Plain form + そうです ます-stem + そうです
い-adjective おいしいそうです おいしそうです

I heard it will rain.
You got the information from another source.

It looks like it is going to rain.
You look at the dark clouds and make your own immediate judgment.

I heard this food is delicious.

This food looks delicious.

Do not decide the meaning from そうです alone. Look at the word immediately before it. 降るそうです and 降りそうです are grammatically different constructions.

4. ~そうです vs ~と言っていました

Both expressions can pass information to another person, but they do not identify the source in the same way.

I heard that Vincent is going to Kyoto tomorrow.

The information may have come from Vincent, but it could also have come from somebody else.

Vincent said, “I'm going to Kyoto tomorrow.” Here, Vincent himself is explicitly the source of the quoted statement.

Easy memory rule:
~そうです = “Apparently / I heard that…”
~と言っていました = “X said that…”

5. ~ようです — “it seems / apparently” based on evidence

Use ~ようです when you observe information or clues and then make a judgment. The evidence may come from what you see, hear, feel, smell, or otherwise notice.

Think like a detective: you collect clues first, then reach a conclusion. That conclusion can be expressed with ~ようです.
Type Pattern Example
Verb Plain form + ようです
い-adjective Plain form + ようです
な-adjective な + ようです
Noun の + ようです
Formation trap:
な-adjective → なようです
Noun → のようです
Do not use だ directly before ようです in these affirmative present forms.

Example: judging from what you see

Look. A crowd has gathered, and there is a police car and an ambulance. It seems there has been an accident.

The speaker did not directly witness the accident. The conclusion comes from several visible clues.

Example: judging from physical symptoms

I have a cough and my head hurts. It seems I've caught a cold.

どうも + ~ようです often gives the feeling: “It somehow seems that…” / “Apparently…”. It is useful when the speaker has evidence but is not claiming complete certainty.

More evidence-based examples

The lights are off. It seems nobody is there anymore.

That restaurant is always crowded. It seems the food is good.

Tanaka doesn't eat vegetables. It seems they dislike vegetables.

Kawada went to the hospital. It seems they are ill.

Negative and past examples with ~ようです

Meaning Japanese
It seems he will not come.
It seems she was busy.
It seems it was not convenient.
It seems yesterday was a holiday.

6. Appearance ~そうです vs evidence-based ~ようです

These two patterns can both be translated as “seems,” but they differ in how the judgment is formed.

The teacher looks busy.

You look at the teacher's immediate appearance or behavior and get that impression.

The teacher is in a meeting and there are many documents on the desk. It seems the teacher is busy. Here the judgment is based on accumulated evidence.

Practical distinction:
~そうです (appearance) = a direct impression from what something looks like now.
~ようです = an inference made from one or more clues.

7. Sensory expressions with ~がします

Japanese commonly uses ~がします to describe a sound, voice, smell, or taste that you perceive.

Expression Meaning
I hear a sound / there is a sound.
I hear a voice.
I smell something / there is a smell.
It tastes like / I can taste…
In English we often say “I hear…”, “I smell…”, or “It tastes…”. Japanese frequently describes the perception as “a sound/smell/taste occurs/is perceived.”

音がします / 声がします

There is a strange sound, isn't there? / I hear a strange sound.

I can hear a child's voice from the next room.

I heard a loud sound outside.

においがします

There is a strange smell. It seems something is burning.

It smells good.

This flower has a sweet smell.

味がします

It tastes strange. It seems I mixed up the soy sauce and the sauce.

This soup tastes a little spicy.

This tea tastes like lemon.

8. Choosing the correct pattern

Situation Best pattern Example
You heard information from another source. Plain + そうです
You look at dark clouds and make an immediate visual judgment. Stem + そうです
You combine clues and infer a conclusion. Plain + ようです
You explicitly report what someone said. ~と言っていました
You perceive a sound, smell, voice, or taste. N + がします

9. Real-life mini conversations

Weather

A: Are you going out tomorrow?

B: According to the forecast, I heard there will be heavy rain, so I plan to stay home.

At the office

A: Has Yamada still not arrived?

B: Right. I heard the train is delayed.

Something smells strange

A: Don't you smell something strange?

B: Yes. It seems something is burning in the kitchen.

10. Common mistakes

Mistake 1: confusing hearsay and appearance
= I heard it will rain.
= It looks like it will rain.
Mistake 2: removing だ from a noun or な-adjective before hearsay そうです

Mistake 3: using だ before affirmative noun + ようです

Mistake 4: assuming ~ようです means the speaker is certain
It normally expresses an inference or judgment. The speaker has evidence, but the sentence still leaves room for uncertainty.

11. Quick cheat sheet

Pattern Meaning Memory clue
Plain + そうです I heard that… Another source told me.
Vます-stem / Adj + そうです looks / seems Immediate appearance.
Plain + ようです it seems / apparently I infer it from clues.
~によると according to… Name the information source.
~と言っていました X said that… Explicitly quote/report a person's statement.
N + がします I hear/smell/taste… Direct sensory perception.

12. Practice

A. Choose the correct expression

  1. You heard on the news that it will snow tomorrow.
  2. You see black clouds and think rain is coming.
  3. The office lights are off and nobody answers the phone.
  1. そうです — hearsay from the news.
  2. そうです — appearance pattern: .
  3. ようです — inference from several clues.

B. Change to hearsay ~そうです

C. Complete with 音・声・におい・味

Sample answers — other completions that fit the situation are also correct.

D. Translation practice

  1. I heard that the new manager is kind.
  2. According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
  3. It looks like it is going to rain.
  4. The lights are off. It seems nobody is home.
  5. I smell something strange.

Sample answers — other natural wordings are also correct.

13. Final memory rule

“Someone/something told me this.”
Use the plain form before そうです.

“It looks that way right now.”
Use the verb stem or adjective appearance form.

“The clues lead me to this conclusion.”

“I directly perceive it with my senses.”