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Minna no Nihongo - Lesson 12 · JLPT N5

How Things Were, and Comparing Them

Put nouns and adjectives into the past — — then compare two things with and , and pick the best with .

How to use this lesson: Two halves. First, the past tense — and the important rule that い-adjectives change themselves (), while nouns and な-adjectives change です (). Second, comparison: Japanese adjectives don't change for “-er” or “-est”, you just add words around them.

Lesson 12 at a glance

1. Past: N / な-adj.

でした / じゃありませんでした

2. Past: い-adj.

かったです / くなかったです

3. より / どちら

Comparing two things.

4. いちばん

The most … of all.

1. Past tense of nouns and な-adjectives

PresentPast
Affirmative
Negative

Senshuu no doyoubi wa yuki deshita.

It snowed last Saturday. (lit. was snow)

The shop staff were kind.

I wasn't free last week.

2. Past tense of い-adjectives

PresentPastRule
Affirmativeい → かったです
Negativeくない → くなかったです
いい ⚠uses よ-

Kinou no paatii wa tanoshikatta desu.

Yesterday's party was fun.

The exam wasn't difficult.

The weather was good.

The #1 mistake of this lesson:
❌   ✅
For い-adjectives, the adjective carries the past tense. です stays です.
Talking about a trip or event:
— How was Kyoto?
— It was beautiful. But it was crowded.

3. N1 は N2 より adj. です — “N1 is more … than N2”

N1 は N2 より adj. です。

Fujisan wa Eberesuto yori hikui desu.

Mt. Fuji is lower than Everest. (3,776 m vs 8,849 m)

Sapporo is colder than Tokyo.

= “than”. It attaches to the thing that is less. The adjective itself never changes — no “-er”.

4. N1 と N2 と どちらが adj. ですか — “Which is more…?”

N1 と N2 と どちらが adj. ですか。 — N1 の ほうが adj. です。

Natsu to fuyu to dochira ga suki desu ka.

Which do you like better, summer or winter?

Fuyu no hou ga suki desu.

I like winter better.

Which do you like better, coffee or tea? — I like both.

どちら is used for a choice between two — even for people or places. = both. (lit. “the side of…”) marks the winner.

5. ~[の中]で 何 / どこ / だれ / いつ が いちばん adj. ですか

Group [の中] で Q-word が いちばん adj. ですか。

For three or more, use the right question word — not どちら — and (“number one”, the most).

What's your favourite Japanese food?

I like sushi best.

Who is the tallest in your family? — My older brother.

When is the coldest time of year? — February.

ThingPlace
PersonTime
Question words before が: . In the answer, keep が:

6. Common mistakes

Mistake 1: い-adjective + でした

Mistake 2: な-adjective + かった

Mistake 3: どちら for three or more

7. Cheat sheet

Noun / な-adj.い-adj.
Past
Past negative

— A is more … than B

→

8. Practice

A. Put into the past

B. Translate into Japanese

  1. Which is cheaper, the bus or the train? — The bus is cheaper.
  2. Nepal is bigger than Japan? (Ask.)
  3. Which city in Japan do you like the most?
  4. How was the party? — It was very lively.

Final memory map

Past of い-adj. ・ Past of N / な

Two things

Three or more