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Minna no Nihongo - Lesson 11 · JLPT N5

Counting Things in Japanese

Count with and the most common counters (), put numbers in the right place, say how often with , and ask how long with .

How to use this lesson: Japanese uses different “counters” depending on what you're counting — a bit like English “two sheets of paper” or “three cups of tea”, but for everything. Don't try to learn all of them at once. Master (works for most things), then add . The position of the number in the sentence matters more than you might expect.

Lesson 11 at a glance

1. ひとつ〜とお

The general counter, 1 to 10.

2. Counters

People, machines, flat things, times…

3. Quantity + V

Where the number goes.

4. Frequency & duration

週に2回, どのくらい, だけ

1. ひとつ、ふたつ… — the all-purpose counter

Use these for objects that don't have a special counter (fruit, eggs, boxes, ideas…), and for ages of small children.

16
27
38
49
510
How many?
After 10, just use normal numbers:

2. The main counters

CounterFor123WatchHow many?
people
machines, vehicles
flat things: paper, stamps, shirts
times (frequency)
age

Time periods

minutes
hours
days (2–10 use ふつか, みっか…)
weeks
months (いっかげつ, ろっかげつ)
years
ひとり and ふたり are irregular — never “いちにん” or “ににん”. Also means “alone” (Lesson 5).

3. Where does the number go?

N を / が [quantity] V

In English the number goes in front of the noun (“three apples”). In Japanese, the quantity usually goes after the particle, right before the verb, with no particle of its own.

Tamago o muttsu kaimashita.

I bought six eggs.

Kurasu ni Neepaaru-jin no gakusei ga sannin imasu.

There are three Nepali students in the class.

Two 110-yen stamps, please. (110 yen is the current price for a standard letter in Japan)

How many people are in your family? — Four.

How many copies did you make? — Ten.

✅ (natural)
△ (grammatical but sounds like a textbook translation)

4. Period に ~回 — how often

[period] に [number]回 V

Isshuukan ni sankai arubaito o shimasu.

I work my part-time job three times a week.

I watch a movie once a month.

How many times a day do you brush your teeth? — Three.

5. どのくらい / ~ぐらい / ~だけ

どのくらい — how long / how much

How long have you been in Japan? — A year and a half.

How long does it take from Tokyo to Kyoto by Shinkansen?

About two hours.

= it takes (time or money). Notice: a period of time takes no に. (at 3) vs (for 3 hours).

~ぐらい — about

There are about 50 employees at this company.

~だけ — only

My only day off is Sunday.

I only have one Japanese friend.

6. Real life: ordering at a café

Welcome. How many people?

Three.

This way, please.

Excuse me. Two coffees and one tea, please. And three slices of cake.

Certainly. Just a moment, please.

is the very polite version of that staff use. You answer with the normal counter: . For food and drinks, always works.

7. Common mistakes

Mistake 1: a particle after the quantity

Mistake 2: いちにん / ににん

Mistake 3: に with a length of time

8. Cheat sheet

PatternExample
N を [qty] V
Period に ~回
どのくらい
~ぐらい
~だけ

9. Practice

A. Choose the counter

  1. 3 T-shirts
  2. 2 cars
  3. 1 person
  4. 5 eggs

B. Translate into Japanese

  1. I bought two apples and three oranges.
  2. I go to the gym three times a week.
  3. How long does it take from your house to the station? — About 10 minutes.

Final memory map

Counting things

Number position

How often / long