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Minna no Nihongo - Lesson 15 · JLPT N5

May I? You Mustn’t. And Ongoing States

Ask and give permission with , forbid with , and use for states, habits, and jobs — including the tricky .

How to use this lesson: Two new て-form patterns (permission and prohibition) are very practical — you'll see them on signs, at work, and in rules. The second half shows that isn't just “-ing”. It also describes a state that continues after something happened.

Lesson 15 at a glance

1. Vてもいいです

You may… / May I…?

2. Vてはいけません

You must not…

3. Vています (state)

Married, living in, know…

4. Vています (habit / job)

I work at… / I sell…

1. Vてもいいです — permission

V て も いいです[か]。

Literally “even if you do V, it's good”. Add か to ask permission.

Kono panfuretto o moratte mo ii desu ka.

May I take this brochure?

Sure, go ahead.

Sorry, I'd rather you didn't… (polite no)

You can go home early today.

May I borrow this umbrella?

The most natural refusal is not “いいえ、いけません” (too strong) but , often with a reason:

2. Vてはいけません — “You must not…”

V て は いけません。

Koko ni kuruma o tomete wa ikemasen.

You must not park here.

You mustn't take photos in the museum.

You must not drink and drive.

Careful who you say it to. 〜てはいけません sounds like a rule from someone in authority (teacher → student, parent → child, a sign). Don't say it to your boss. To answer a permission question, a soft is better.
Real Japanese signs: (no photos), (no entry), (no smoking). They all mean .

3. Vています — a state that continues

Some verbs describe a one-time change: getting married, moving somewhere, buying something. on these verbs describes the resulting state, not an action in progress.

Verb〜ていますMeaning
am married
live (in)
know
have, own, be holding

Watashi wa kekkon shite imasu.

I'm married. (not “I'm getting married”!)

Oosaka ni sunde imasu.

I live in Osaka. (住みます takes に)

Do you own a car? — No, I don't.

知っています vs 知りません — a special case

Do you know Ms. Nakamura's address?

Yes, I do.

No, I don't.

The negative is , not . It's the one verb where the pair doesn't match.

4. Vています — habits and jobs

Use for something you do repeatedly over a long time, especially your job.

Sakura Electric makes air conditioners.

My younger sister is studying at university. (she's a university student)

What do you do? — I work at a bank.

I go jogging every morning (these days).

Three meanings of Vています so far:
1. Action in progress — (Lesson 14)
2. Resulting state —
3. Habit / occupation —

5. Real life: talking about your family

Where does your family live?

They live in Kathmandu. My father teaches English at a school.

And brothers and sisters? — I have one older sister. She's already married.

6. Common mistakes

Mistake 1: 結婚します for “I'm married”

Mistake 2: 知っていません

Mistake 3: で with 住んでいます

7. Cheat sheet

PatternMeaningExample
May I…?
Must not
is (married / living…)
does regularly / job
know / don't know

8. Practice

A. Ask permission

  1. open the window
  2. take a photo here
  3. use this pen

B. Translate into Japanese

  1. You must not eat in the library.
  2. Do you know Mr. Tanaka's email address? — No, I don't.
  3. My brother lives in Osaka and works at a hospital.

Final memory map

May I? ・ Must not

A state that stays

Don't know