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Minna no Nihongo - Lesson 17 · JLPT N5

The ない-form: Don’t, Must, Needn’t

Build the plain negative , then use it to say (please don’t), (must), and (don’t have to).

How to use this lesson: Lesson 17 is the second verb form after the て-form. It's easier: for Group I you only change the vowel sound. Then come three very practical patterns you'll hear from doctors, teachers, and at work. Don't be scared by the length of — it's just a set phrase.

Lesson 17 at a glance

1. ない-form

The plain “not” form.

2. Vないでください

Please don't…

3. Vなければなりません

Must / have to…

4. Vなくてもいいです

Don't have to…

1. Making the ない-form

Group I — change the い-sound to the あ-sound, add ない

ます-form→ ない-form

Group II — drop ます, add ない

Group III

The ない-form is just the casual version of . = . You'll use it with friends in Lesson 20.

2. Vないでください — “Please don't…”

V-ない で ください。

Jugyouchuu wa sumaho o tsukawanaide kudasai.

Please don't use your phone during class.

It's fine, so please don't worry.

Please don't forget.

(Lesson 15) = a rule, strong.
= a request, softer — often with a reason.

3. Vなければなりません — “must / have to”

V-ない → ない + ければ なりません

Literally “if I don't do it, it won't do”. Two negatives make a strong positive: must.

Mainichi kanji o oboenakereba narimasen.

I have to memorise kanji every day.

I have to get up early tomorrow.

Do I have to show my passport?

In speech you'll often hear shorter forms: or . = I've got to go now. Recognise them, but use the full form in polite speech for now.

4. Vなくてもいいです — “don't have to”

V-ない → ない + くても いいです

Doyoubi wa kaisha e konakute mo ii desu.

You don't have to come to the office on Saturday.

Is it OK not to take my shoes off? — No, you must take them off.

The answer to (must I?) when it's not necessary:

5. Two extra points

A. Object as topic: N(を) は

To make the object the topic, replace を with は.

As for luggage, please don't put it here.

B. Time までに — “by (a deadline)”

I have to submit the report by Friday.

— I work until 5 (continuous).
— I'll be home by 5 (one action before a deadline).

6. Real life: at the doctor's

It's a cold. Take this medicine three times a day.

Can I take a bath?

Please don't today.

Do I have to come tomorrow too? — No, you don't. Take care.

7. Common mistakes

Mistake 1: 買わない written as 買あない

Verbs ending in change to : .

Mistake 2: 来ない read as きない

Mistake 3: あらない

8. Cheat sheet

PatternMeaningExample (行いく)
don't (plain)
please don't
must
don't have to
by (deadline)

9. Practice

A. Make the ない-form

B. Translate into Japanese

  1. Please don't speak English in class.
  2. I have to pay by Monday.
  3. You don't have to write your name.

Final memory map

Group I

Please don't

Must

Don't have to