All Blogs
Do You Really Need JLPT N2 for Gijinkoku Visa? Full Explanation (No Confusion) Japan Work Visa New Rules 2026: What Changed for Gijinkoku Visa? How to Renew a Japan Work Visa — How to Fill the Application Form + Complete Guide (Excel/PDF Download) Practical Guide to Landing IT Jobs in Japan Without Japanese Skills How I Found My First Web Developer Job in Japan Without Speaking Japanese Japan Work Visa Requirements: What You Need to Know The Best Cities to Work in Japan for Foreigners Hand-Cash Jobs in Japan: Timing, Risks & Visa Impact Top 10 Companies Hiring Foreigners in Japan Right Now
Menu

← All Lessons 1–25

Minna no Nihongo - Lesson 19 · JLPT N5

The た-form: Experiences and Changes

Make the plain past , talk about experiences with , list a few activities with , and describe change with .

How to use this lesson: Good news — if you know the て-form, you already know the た-form. Just swap て → た and で → だ. Spend your energy on the three new patterns instead, especially , which everyone uses when chatting about travel and food.

Lesson 19 at a glance

1. た-form

て → た, で → だ

2. Vたことがあります

I have (ever) done…

3. Vたり Vたり

Do things like A and B.

4. 〜なります

Become…

1. Making the た-form

ます-formて-formた-form
The た-form is the casual version of : = .

2. Vた ことが あります — “I have done … (before)”

V-た こと が あります。

Talks about life experience — something you've done at least once, at some point in the past.

Kimono o kita koto ga arimasu.

I've worn a kimono (before).

Have you ever climbed Mt. Fuji? — No, not once. I'd love to.

Have you ever eaten natto? — Yes, once.

Experience vs simple past:
— I went to Kyoto yesterday. (a specific event)
— I've been to Kyoto. (part of my life experience)
Don't use ことがあります with a specific recent time like .
A useful detail: “I've climbed Mt. Fuji” is best as — に marks the summit as the goal. focuses on the path you climb.

3. V1たり、V2たり します — “do things like A and B”

V1-たり、V2-たり します。

Lists a few example activities (it's the verb version of ). Order doesn't matter. The tense goes on the final .

Nichiyoubi wa hon o yondari, ryouri o shitari shimasu.

On Sundays I do things like read and cook.

Yesterday I did some cleaning and laundry (and so on).

What do you do on your days off? — Things like meeting friends and shopping.

(Lesson 16) = actions in this exact order.
= some examples, any order, there may be others.

4. ~くなります / ~になります — “become”

TypeRuleExample
い-adj.
な-adj.
Noun

It's got hot recently, hasn't it?

I cleaned my room, and now it's tidy. (lit. it became clean)

I want to become an engineer in the future.

Your Japanese has got much better!

5. Real life: chatting about Japan

Have you ever been in a hot spring? — No, not yet. — You must try it. It feels great in winter. — Really? What do you do there? — You bathe, eat good food, that kind of thing.

6. Common mistakes

Mistake 1: ことがあります with a specific time

Mistake 2: only one たり

Mistake 3: い-adj. + になります

7. Cheat sheet

PatternMeaningExample
did (plain)
have done
do things like
become

8. Practice

A. Make the た-form

B. Translate into Japanese

  1. Have you ever eaten sushi?
  2. At the weekend I do things like read books and listen to music.
  3. The tickets became cheaper.
  4. It got dark.

Final memory map

た-form

Experience

Examples of activities

Change