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Minna no Nihongo - Lesson 18 · JLPT N5

The Dictionary Form: Can, Hobbies, Before

Learn the (the form you’ll find in any dictionary), and use it to say what you do, what your is, and what you do something else.

How to use this lesson: The dictionary form is the “real” name of a verb — the one you look up. Once you can switch between -form and dictionary form, you'll be able to use a Japanese dictionary or translation app properly. Group I is again a simple vowel change: い-sound → う-sound.

Lesson 18 at a glance

1. Dictionary form

The plain present form.

2. ことができます

Can / be able to.

3. 趣味は〜ことです

My hobby is …ing.

4. 〜前に

Before …

1. Making the dictionary form

Group I — change the い-sound to the う-sound

ます-formDictionary form

Group II — drop ます, add る

Group III

Look-up tip: when you hear and want to look it up, turn it into (要る, need). Dictionaries and apps only list this form.

2. N / V-dict. こと が できます — “can”

N が できます / V-dict. こと が できます

turns a verb into a noun (“the act of …”). Then you can use it with , which needs が.

Aniru-san wa Nihongo to Eigo ga dekimasu.

Anil can speak Japanese and English.

Watashi wa kanji o hyaku gurai yomu koto ga dekimasu.

I can read about a hundred kanji.

Can I use Wi-Fi here? — Yes, you can. (possibility, not skill)

You can't swim here.

Two meanings: ability (I can play piano) and possibility / permission (you can pay by card here). In Lesson 27 you'll learn a shorter way: .

3. 私の趣味は N / V-dict. こと です — “My hobby is…”

My hobby is travelling.

Watashi no shumi wa yama ni noboru koto desu.

My hobby is climbing mountains. (more specific)

What are your hobbies? — Taking photos.

This is a classic interview / self-introduction question. Prepare one or two sentences: (My hobby is cooking. At weekends I often cook Nepali food for my friends.)

4. V1-dict. / N の / quantity 前に、V2 — “before…”

Verb
Noun
Time span

Kaisha e iku mae ni, jimu de undou shimasu.

Before going to work, I exercise at the gym.

I brush my teeth before going to bed.

I wash my hands before meals.

Mr. Tanaka went out an hour ago.

The verb before is always dictionary form, even when the sentence is in the past. ❌ ✅ .

5. なかなか and ぜひ

なかなか + negative — “not easily”

In Tokyo you can hardly ever see the stars.

ぜひ — “definitely / by all means”

Please do come and visit Nepal.

I'd really love to try a hot spring at least once.

ぜひ goes with wishes and requests (〜たい, 〜てください), not with ordinary statements.

6. Common mistakes

Mistake 1: forgetting こと

Mistake 2: を with できます

Mistake 3: 来る read as きる

Dictionary form of is — kuru.

7. Cheat sheet

PatternMeaningExample
can
my hobby is
before
not easily

8. Practice

A. Make the dictionary form

B. Translate into Japanese

  1. Can you drive a car?
  2. My hobby is reading manga.
  3. Before going to work, I drink coffee.
  4. I came to Japan two years ago.

Final memory map

Group I dictionary form

Can

Hobby

Before