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Minna no Nihongo - Lesson 22 · JLPT N5

Describing Nouns with Whole Sentences

Use a plain-form sentence in front of a noun to describe it: “the person wearing glasses”, “the cake I made”, “time to eat breakfast”. One rule unlocks thousands of sentences.

How to use this lesson: English puts descriptions after the noun (“the book that I bought yesterday”). Japanese always puts them before (“yesterday I bought book”). There's no “who / which / that” word — the plain form just sits right in front of the noun. Read the examples backwards first, then forwards, until it clicks.

Lesson 22 at a glance

1. Review: N の N / Adj + N

What you already know.

2. [plain sentence] + N

The new pattern.

3. V-dict. 時間 / 約束

Time to…, an appointment to…

1. Review: the describer always comes first

NounTom's bag (Lesson 2)
な-adj.a nice bag (Lesson 8)
い-adj.a new bag (Lesson 8)
Sentence (new)the bag I bought yesterday

2. [Plain-form sentence] + N

[plain form] + Noun

All four plain forms work

Using it inside a sentence

Kore wa haha ga tsukutta karee desu.

This is curry my mother made.

Please show me the photos you took in Kyoto.

The teacher who teaches Japanese is Mr. Yamada.

The restaurant near the station is good.

I want a house to live in with my family.

The subject inside the clause takes が, not は.
❌
✅
は belongs to the main sentence; the little describing sentence uses が.
Use plain form, never ます. ❌ . For な-adjectives and nouns, the present form uses な / の: , .

3. Describing people by what they wear

A favourite Minna no Nihongo exercise: “Which one is Mr. X?” — “The person wearing…”. Japanese uses a different verb depending on the body part.

VerbForExample
upper body / whole body
lower body / feet
head
glasses
accessories

Which one is Ms. Nakamura?

The person wearing the white shirt.

The person with a hat and glasses is Mr. Tanaka.

Use for “wearing” (a state, Lesson 15).

4. V-dict. 時間 / 約束 / 用事

Kyou wa hirugohan o taberu jikan ga arimasen deshita.

I didn't have time to eat lunch today.

I have plans to meet a friend tonight.

I have to go to city hall (on an errand).

5. Real life: looking for an apartment

What kind of room would you like?

A room close to the station with cheap rent. And I'd like a kitchen I can cook in.

Then how about this one? It's a room that was renovated last month.

6. Common mistakes

Mistake 1: English word order

Mistake 2: は inside the clause

Mistake 3: wrong clothing verb

7. Cheat sheet

PatternExampleMeaning
the movie I saw yesterday
food my mother made
the person wearing glasses
time to sleep

8. Practice

A. Make noun phrases

  1. the book I read yesterday
  2. the person who lives in Osaka
  3. the place where I met my wife (place = 所)
  4. a person who doesn't drink alcohol

B. Translate into Japanese

  1. This is a photo my friend took.
  2. Who is the person wearing a hat?
  3. I don't have time to study.

Final memory map

Describe a noun

Subject inside

Time / plan to do