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Minna no Nihongo - Lesson 23 · JLPT N5

When…: とき and と

Say when something happens with , learn why and are different, describe automatic results with , and give directions with .

How to use this lesson: is a noun meaning “time / occasion”, so it follows the noun-modifying rules from Lesson 22. The one subtle point is the tense before とき — it shows the order of events, not past or future. Read section 2 slowly.

Lesson 23 at a glance

1. 〜とき

When / at the time of…

2. る-とき vs た-とき

Before vs after.

3. V-dict. と

If / when you do X, Y happens.

4. Place を V

Cross, walk along, pass through.

1. ~とき、~ — “when…”

[plain form] とき、main sentence
TypeFormExample
Verb
い-adj.
な-adj.
Noun

Densha ni noru toki, IC kaado o tsukaimasu.

When I take the train, I use an IC card (like Suica).

When I don't know the way, I look at the map on my phone.

When I'm sleepy, I drink coffee.

When you're free, why not come over?

When it rains, I go to work by bus.

When I was a child, I often swam in the river.

2. V-dict. とき vs V-た とき — before or after?

The verb before とき doesn't tell you past or present. It tells you whether action 1 is not finished yet or already finished when action 2 happens.

On my way to Osaka, I ate a bento on the Shinkansen. (before arriving)

When I went to Osaka, I ate takoyaki. (after arriving, in Osaka)

When leaving home, we say “itte kimasu”.

When we get home, we say “tadaima”.

Memory trick: る = on the way, not there yet. た = done, arrived.

3. V-dict. と、~ — “When / if you do X, Y (always) happens”

V-dict. / V-ない と、result

と shows a natural, automatic result: machines, directions, nature, habits. The second part is something that just happens, not something you decide to do.

Kono botan o osu to, doa ga akimasu.

When you press this button, the door opens.

If you go straight along this road, you'll reach the station.

Turn right at the second corner and there's a park.

When spring comes, the cherry blossoms bloom.

The main sentence after と can't be a wish, request, invitation, or decision:
❌
✅ (たら — Lesson 25)

4. Two extra points

A. N が adj. / V inside a subordinate clause

Just like Lesson 22, the subject inside a とき or と clause usually takes が.

When you don't feel well, please don't push yourself.

B. Place を + movement verb

With verbs of passing through, the place you move across / along takes を.

Cross the bridge. / Walk in the park. / Turn right at the intersection.

5. Real life: giving directions

Excuse me, where's Sakura Hospital? — Go straight along this road and you'll come to a traffic light. Turn left there. — Left, OK. — Yes. Cross the bridge, and there's a big hospital on your right.

6. Common mistakes

Mistake 1: forgetting な / の before とき

Mistake 2: ます before とき

Mistake 3: request after と

Use たら (Lesson 25) or とき when the main sentence is a request or wish.

7. Cheat sheet

PatternMeaningExample
when
when
before / while doing
after doing
automatic result
cross / pass

8. Practice

A. Fill in the right form + とき

B. Translate into Japanese

  1. When I was a student, I didn't have money.
  2. If you go straight, there's a bank on the left.
  3. When I came to Japan, my friend came to the airport. (after arriving)

Final memory map

When

Not yet / already

Automatic result

Moving across