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Minna no Nihongo - Lesson 4 · JLPT N5

Telling Time and Your First Verbs

Tell the time, meet the polite verb form in present, negative and past, say when you do things with , talk about , join nouns with , and soften sentences with .

How to use this lesson: This is a big step: verbs arrive. The good news is that Japanese verbs don't change for I / you / he / she / they. Learn the four endings — ます, ません, ました, ませんでした — and you can talk about your daily routine, yesterday, and tomorrow.

Lesson 4 at a glance

1. ~時~分

What time is it? It's 8:15.

2. Vます / ません / ました / ませんでした

Polite verbs: do, don't, did, didn't.

3. Time に V

I get up at 6. I work on Monday.

4. ~から~まで

From … until / to …

5. N1 と N2

“and” between nouns.

6. ~ね

“…, isn't it? / …, right?”

1. 今~時~分です — telling the time

今 [number]時 [number]分 です。

= o'clock, = minutes, = half past.

Ima nan-ji desu ka.

What time is it now?

Hachi-ji juugo-fun desu.

It's 8:15.

Rondon wa ima nan-ji desu ka.

What time is it in London now?

It's 6:30 a.m.

Hours — watch ⚠Minutes — watch ⚠

2. Vます — the polite verb form

Every verb in Lessons 4–13 appears in its ます-form. It's polite, and it covers both habits / present and the future. can mean “I get up” (every day) or “I will get up” (tomorrow).

Present / futurePast
Affirmative
Negative

Verbs from this lesson

get upsleep, go to bed
workrest, take a day off
studyfinish, end

Mainichi benkyou shimasu.

I study every day.

Kinou wa hatarakimasen deshita.

I didn't work yesterday.

Konban wa benkyou shimasen.

I won't study tonight.

The verb always comes last. English: “I study Japanese every day.” Japanese: “I every day Japanese study.” Getting used to waiting for the verb is half of learning Japanese.

Asking and answering with verbs

Kinou benkyou shimashita ka.

Did you study yesterday?

Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.

With verb questions, repeat the verb in your answer. only answers noun questions (Lesson 2).

3. Time に V — “at / on” a time

[time] に V

Shichi-ji ni okimasu.

I get up at 7.

Sangatsu mikka ni yasumimasu.

I'm taking March 3rd off.

Nan-ji ni nemasu ka.

What time do you go to bed?

At 11.

When to use に — and when not to
Needs に (numbers)
に optional (days of the week)
No に (relative time)
Simple rule: if the time word changes meaning depending on today's date, don't use に.

4. ~から~まで — “from … to / until …”

N1 から N2 まで

Ku-ji kara go-ji made hatarakimasu.

I work from 9 to 5.

I work Monday to Saturday.

It takes an hour from my home to the office. (かかります — Lesson 11)

They don't always come together:

I start work at 9. (I work from 9.)

To Tokyo Station, please. (in a taxi)

With です: opening hours

Suupaa wa asa juu-ji kara yoru ku-ji made desu.

The supermarket is open from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m.

What are the library's opening hours?

From 9 to 5.

5. N1 と N2 — “A and B”

Watashi no yasumi wa suiyoubi to nichiyoubi desu.

My days off are Wednesday and Sunday.

と only joins nouns. You can't use it to join two sentences (“I ate and slept”) — that comes in Lesson 16.

6. ~ね — inviting agreement

ね at the end of a sentence means “…isn't it?” or “…right?”. You use it when you expect the listener to agree, to confirm something, or to show sympathy.

I work until 10 p.m. every day.

That must be tough.

The meeting starts at 3, right?

Yes, that's right.

Japanese conversations often open with weather + ね: (It's hot, isn't it?) Just reply — you've just made small talk.

7. Common mistakes

Mistake 1: に with 明日 / 毎日

Mistake 2: forgetting でした in the past negative

Mistake 3: よんじ and きゅうじ

4 o'clock is , 9 o'clock is . These are the two you must memorise.

8. Cheat sheet

PatternMeaningExample
~時~分ですIt's … o'clock
Vます / Vませんdo / don't (will / won't)
Vました / Vませんでしたdid / didn't
Time に Vat / on (time)
~から~までfrom … to …
N1 と N2N1 and N2
~ね…right? / isn't it?

9. Practice

A. Conjugate

  1. didn't sleep
  2. won't sleep
  3. slept

B. に or nothing (×)?

  1. × ・ に
  2. ×
  3. に

C. Answer about yourself

Final memory map

Four verb endings

At a clock time / date

From / until

Expecting agreement